مجله سلامت و بهداشت
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 52، زمستان 1400)

Dyes are structurally complex materials, which enter into the environment due to discharging of textiles effluent from dyeing and printing processes. Reactive Blue 52 dye is used widely in the textile industry. Therefore, we investigated the efficiency of the filamentous Alga as natural adsorbent in the removal of Reactive Blue 52 dye from textile wastewater.

This experimental study was performed in laboratory scale. In this study, the effect of adsorbent dose, contact time, pH and different dye concentrations on efficiency of adsorption process were studied and finally, fitting rate of data for Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and also pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics were determined. For analysis of the data, linear regression and R-squared were used.

According to the obtained results, increasing of adsorbent dose to 22 g/100 mL in concentrations of 50 mg/L RB52 led to an increase of removal efficiency to 58.04%. Adsorption capacity was increased from 31.2 to 8.41 %, by increasing the initial pH from 3 to 11 for concentrations of 10 and 25 mg/L, respectively. Results showed that with the increase of contact time, removal efficiency increased and with increasing of initial dye concentration, the removal efficiency decreased. Langmuir isotherm was in good concordance with the data. The model of pseudo-second-order kinetic demonstrated better fitting with the experimental data.

The results indicated the suitability of filamentous Alga as natural adsorbent for color removal.

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi and one of the most important types of mycotoxins identified as a carcinogen for humans. The aim of this study was to determine the level of aflatoxin M1 in milk production of dairy factories in east Azerbaijan province by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

In this study, 45 samples of pasteurized milk were randomly collected from dairy factories in East Azerbaijan province between August and October 2015. Then, the amount of aflatoxin M1 in each sample was determined by HPLC method equipped with fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity purification.

The results showed that 47% of the tested samples were contaminated with aflatoxin M1 toxin. No detectable contamination was observed in 53% of the samples. The contamination range was between 1-43.27 ng/L, and none of the samples had contamination higher than the EU legal limit (50 ng/L). There was a significant difference in aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurized milk samples of different dairy factories (p˂0.05). 

The low level of aflatoxin M1 in the studied samples can be satisfactory in terms of public health at present. However, contamination level close to the standard limit was observed in 3% of the samples and requires continuous monitoring and more detailed studies such as the type of animal feed. In addition to maintaining the hygiene of livestock and dairy factories, it is necessary to plan to reduce the amount of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products.

Today, the world is facing with increase of population and shortage of foods. Organic products are produced without the intervention of any chemicals or artificial methods. In spite of general teaching to increase nutritional knowledge, there still is a deep gap between recommendations and what is seen in nutritional performance, so choosing the right teaching methods is very important. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of teaching of organic foods consumption by both traditional and participatory methods on nutritional knowledge and performance of ninth grade female high school students in Shahriyar.

In terms of purpose, this study was an applied study and in terms of data collection method, a field trial with two experimental groups and a control group. The statistical population was composed of ninth grade students of Fazilat High School located in Shahriyar, among who 90 students were selected by convenience sampling method and divided into groups by simple random substitution. The control group received no teaching. An experimental group received teaching by traditional method and another experimental group received teaching by participatory method. The questionnaire in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire with 32 questions. Questions 1 to 18 were related to nutritional knowledge variable and questions 19 to 32 were related to nutritional performance variable. The reliability, content and construct validities of questionnaire were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha, opinion of experts and confirmatory factor analysis, respectively.

According to the results of analysis of covariance, at 95% confidence level, teaching of consumption of organic foods by participatory method had no significant effect on students' nutritional knowledge. The effect of teaching on students' nutritional knowledge by traditional method was significant, since significance level (p=0.0001 and F=49.64) was less than 0.05 and this effect was equal to 0.46. The effect of teaching on students' nutritional performance by participatory method at significance level of p=0.0001 and F=42.21 was equal to 0.42 and by traditional method at significance level of p=0.021 and F=5.64 was equal to 0.10.

Teaching the consumption of organic foods by traditional method compared to participatory method, had a greater effect on nutritional knowledge of ninth grade high school students. Also, teaching organic food consumption by participatory method had a greater effect on nutritional performance of ninth grade high school students compared to traditional method.

Benches play a basic role in students sitting in the correct posture for a long period. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ergonomics of common school benches on the electrical activity of selected muscles of healthy female students or with lumbar lordosis.

For this purpose, 24 students with an average age of 10.26±1.78 years were selected and divided into two groups of 12 healthy subjects or with lordosis by convenience sampling. The students were sat down on two types of common benches in the school. At the beginning of sitting, a 30-second signal was taken from their selected muscles (rectus abdominis, spinal extensors, rectus femoris and biceps femoris), then a half-hour educational video was shown to them, and at the end, a 30-second signal was taken from their muscles. Statistical analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data.

There was a significant difference in the electrical activity of the muscles of healthy and lordosis students in attached benches in rectus femoris, biceps femoris and spinal extensors (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in rectus abdominis muscle (p<0.19). There was a significant difference in the electrical activity in the detached benches of the rectus femoris muscles (p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in rectus abdominis (p<0.24), biceps (p<0.37) and spinal extensors (p<0.09).

The results showed that sitting on attached benches was more inappropriate for students with lordosis. Therefore, it is recommended to design ergonomics standard table and benches based to the students' static anthropometric measurements.

Exposure to hand- arm vibrations is one of the occupational risk factors for employing dentist manual tools. This study aims to determine the exposure level to vibration and its related health effects in dentists employed in academic clinics.

This study was conducted on 30 dental practitioners as a case group and 30 employees at the clinic who were not exposed to vibration as a control group. Hand-arm vibration was measured using the SVANTEK 106 vibration meter in accordance with ISO 5349 standard. The level of musculoskeletal complications was determined using the hands grasping and finger grip strengths and finger dexterity. The level of neurosensory disorder was determined by the monofilament test. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software.

The mean of equivalent exposure level to vibration for 8 working hours was 0.65 m / s2 for dentists which are lower than the national exposure limit. Feeling of needle punching was the most commonly reported symptom (47.5%) among dentists. The levels of handgrip strength, fingers' strength and dexterity of dominant hand were decreased 22 % (p<0.05), 8% (p<0.05) and 2 % (p>0.05), respectively in case group compared to control group. The fingers sensory threshold of dentists was higher than the control group and in the dominant hand of the case group was higher than their non-dominant hand (p<0.05).

Despite the low level of exposure to vibration, a level of disability was observed in the physical and neurosensory function of dentist’s hand. The prevalence of neurosensory disorder was also more than musculoskeletal symptoms.

Considering the important role of health caregivers in the health system as providers of health services and the use of e-learning method in in-service training of this group of health workers, the present study aimed to determine the attitude of health care workers in the health network of Qods city towards E-learning and determining their learning style.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 77 health care providers selected by census method. The research instrument had three sections: demographic information form, Mishra attitude questionnaire and Kolb learning style. Data were analyzed using descriptive tests (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and independent t-tests and analysis of variance, chi-square, Fisher's exact test and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS software version 24.

The results showed that the mean score of attitudes of health care providers was 38.78 which considered positive due to being higher than the mean score of Mishra questionnaire. Learning style of 42.86% of health care providers was absorbing and then convergent styles with 29.87%, divergent with 22.08% and adaptive styles with 5.19% had the highest frequency among health care providers, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the attitude of health care providers and the type of employment and their interest in e-learning. There was also a significant relationship between health caregivers' learning style and age and work experience.

Given the positive attitude of health care providers towards e-learning, it is suggested to focus on this method in holding training courses for this group of learners, and since there were all four learning styles among this group of learners, the applications of variety of methods in educational environments can meet their educational needs.

After passing through the age of industry and information, to enter the age of wisdom, the need to pay attention and evaluate practical wisdom in hospital management, becomes more and more necessary; In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of creating a scientific scale to measure and evaluate practical wisdom in management in the hospitals of the Iran’ Ministry of Health.

This qualitative-quantitative study was conducted based on content analysis technique on interviews with 21 hospital managers and professors of health care management. Data analysis and open and axial coding led to the identification of dimensions and components of wisdom. These components were used in designing the management practical wisdom measurement scale. The validity of the scale was confirmed by face, content and structural evaluation and its reliability by examining internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha).

The identified dimensions included three cognitive, managerial and personality dimensions and in total had 5 components that were used as the design criteria for the scale. After examining the face validity and content validity (CVR equal to 0.91 and CVI equal to 0.88), the questionnaires were distributed among 323 hospital managers and then internal consistency and reliability of the scale (Cronbach's total alpha equal to 0.84) were calculated. The correlation and significance of the relationships between the measures with each other and with the components of the scale (structural validity) were also analyzed, confirmed and validated based on confirmatory factor analysis using SPSS19 and LISREL software.

The developed scale has good face, content and structural validity and good reliability and can be used to assess the current situation of practical wisdom in management in the managers of university hospitals in the country.

Review and Content-Analyzing of the barriers to prevent most common injuries is a necessity for corresponding planning and policymaking. So this study was performed with the aim of review and content analysis of the literature regarding barriers to injury prevention.

This review study was performed in 2020 and the required data were collected by searching for papers, reports, and other evidence in databases, web sites, and search engines. Six types of injuries were selected: Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs), suicide, falls, domestic violence , gun violence, and burns. Data were analyzed by the content analysis method.

The results of 30 studies were analyzed. The included studies have reported a total of 256 barriers for the prevention of the injuries (traffic injuries: 105, falls: 59, suicide: 30, gun violence: 20, Domestic violence:22 and burns: 20). The content analysis categorized the barriers into 31 categories (traffic injuries: 6, falls: 3, suicide: 4, gun violence: 6, Domestic violence:7 and burn: 5). Analysis of the data resulted in eight general categories of barriers to the prevention of the injuries including: knowledge and awareness barriers, social and cultural barriers, cooperation barriers, scientific evidence barriers, organizational barriers, resource shortages, personal barriers, and the barriers related to healthcare systems.

Limited studies are published on the identification of the barriers to injury prevention. Thus a severe shortage of evidence is seen in this area. The findings of this study can help to make plans and policies for preventing injuries.

Employee empowerment is one of the most basic categories of human resource management in the present era, especially in dynamic environments such as medical science universities which are the pillars of capital and human resource management and requires systemic thinking. This study was conducted to identify the empowerment components of Ardabil university of medical sciences staff.

The present study was conducted by qualitative methodology (grounded theory). The statistical population of the study consists of all employees working in the university of medical sciences who were working in 1398. From this number, 20 experts were selected as study sample using purposive sampling method. The data of this study were obtained using semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (content analysis method including open, axial and selective coding) were used to analyze the data.

The results of analyzing the data obtained from the semi-structured interview showed that the empowerment indicators included individual, interpersonal, organizational and technical indicators.

The final results of the study indicate that various factors are effective in the components of empowerment, including individual, interpersonal, organizational and technical indicators, and university managers and decision makers can use those components to improve and enhance the empowerment of university staff.

Improving the health status of citizens is one of the signs of human development. Having a healthy, productive and high-quality life with an acceptable life expectancy and free from diseases and disabilities is a universal right and a precondition for sustainable development. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to provide appropriate facilities, including the provision of medical and health services and easy access to these services, to ensure the physical, mental, social and spiritual health of human beings in all stages of life. The purpose of this study is to analyze the satisfaction of villagers with the performance of health centers in Zanjan.

The present study was applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the study was rural households in Zanjan city, among them 380 household heads were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula. The data collection was performed using library and field (questionnaire) methods and for data analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used in SPSS and AMOS software.

The results show that the most positive effects were related to the file formation factor with a specific value of 545.7 and the percent variance of 20.393 and the lowest positive effects were related to the medical equipment factor with a specific value of 1.262 and a percent variance of 3.414. At the following, the identified factors in exploratory factor analysis were examined using AMOS software. Accordingly, the effects of the factors were classified into three dimensions including education, environmental health and health care dimensions. The most positive effects were related to the factors of filling and monitoring and the least positive effects were related to the factors of training, the importance of physical mobility of medical equipment.

Health houses in rural areas are not in a good condition in terms of education and medical infrastructure and in order to improve the satisfaction of villagers, solving problems in these two dimensions is emphasized.

 Considering the rewards, intrinsic motivation and trusting the goodwill can provide a situation for employee creativity that is vital to the survival of the organization. Therefore, considering the important role of creative employees in organizations, the goal of present research was to investigate the relationship between reward systems and staff creativity of Pars Abad health network

 The present study is descriptive-survey in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose. Data were collected using the Standard Employee Creativity Scale by Torrance (1963) and the Kabura Reward Systems Questionnaire (2009). 238 people were selected as the sample by Cochran's formula and simple random sampling method. The obtained data were tested by Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis.

 The results showed that there were relationships between reward systems with stretch dimension (ß=0.173, p=0.007), with initiative dimension (ß=0.170, p=0.008) and with flexibility dimension (ß=144, p=0.026), but there was no significant relationship between reward systems with fluid dimension.

 Considering the relationship between reward systems and the creativity of the officials and employees of the health network of the studied city, it is suggested that the managers of the organization provide a suitable environment for creativity through methods such as timely reward in proportion to employees' performance. The implementation of the reward system and the program of job privileges and the granting of related benefits should be based on the results of the employee performance evaluation process.